Abstract
This study entitled the people perception towards the role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the provision of health facilities in district Swat, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan” was conducted with objectives to measure the attitude of the target population about the NGOs intervention in the study area through pre and post-relationship on health facilities”. A sample size of 230 out of 450 populations was selected through a simple random sampling procedure. The study concluded that the number of disabled centers increased, hygiene kits and sanitation kits were distributed, medical teams/doctors and medicines were provided by NGOs, mosquito nets distributed, the establishment of BHUs, mobile hospitals, and free medical camps were increased post-NGOs intervention as a significant change with the level of satisfaction of the locals. Based on the findings of the study, extend projects to other far plunged and neglected areas while incorporating all felt needs of the locals.
Key Words
Health Facilities, People, Perception, Medical Camps, BHUs, Medicine, Mosquito Net, NGOs, Medical Team, Swat & Pakistan
Introduction
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a non-for profit, charitable and volunteer organization that works for the betterment of poor and marginalized society (Martens, 2002). NGOs are generally registered organizations, community groups, professional associations, trade unions, cooperate charity organizations. In other words, NGOs are voluntary and nonprofit organizations working in different sectors for the development of people. NGOs are providing relief services to suffering people, working for the protecting environment, and playing a role in poverty alleviation. It also works for safeguarding basic human rights (Cleary, 1997; Daynes, 2017). The numbers of NGO employee is different due to their scope and budget availability; some NGOs consist of very limited staff while other consists of heaving thousands of members and hundreds of professional staff. In addition, NGOs are varying in terms of thematic focus and sector, and mostly they are engaged in these activities as some NGOs are working in the health sector while other is for promoting education etc. All these organizations perform activities for the well-being of people (Hulme et al., 1997). The majority of the local and international NGOs are working for the welfare of deprived people in close connection with the community people (Miller, 2000). The NGOs are engaged in fundraising for health-related services, providing health awareness and public education, provision of food items for need and poor families and focusing on controlling communicable diseases, including COVID-19 (Maserat et al., 2020)
In a developed society like in western countries, NGOs are considered as an organization that working for the provision of access to human rights and community development, while in developing countries it means nonprofit organizations working for the welfare of the marginalized community and worked for basic human rights including food, shelter, and education etc. (Lewis, 1999; Rose et al., 2018). The United Nations define that NGOs are non-for-profit and private organizations that perform activities for the purpose to reduce the suffering, promote the better living condition for poor and needy, protect the environment and provide basic social services to people (Jabeen, 2010).
In Pakistan, Mr. Bhandara, who has a mentally retarded son, was a leading figure in the welfare NGO to open a special school for a mentally disabled person. He initiated the effort and established a small setup of "a Society for Mentally Handicapped Children in 1970 in Rawalpindi. A professional social worker Miss Julia Riggs led the organization with the assistance and help of some Pakistani and foreign women. For disabled child education, a school in support of the society was later started on a very small level with 20 children. In Pakistan, the Medicines’ Sans Frontiers’ (MSF) was the first NGO to give emergency medical support and openly allow the view to the complexity of the people they served. MSF is in the front position of emergency health care and think about for people suffer from widespread diseases and pass over diseases (Trouiller et al., 2002 Rose et al., 2018).
Focus Humanitarian Assistance (FOCUS) has deployed Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT), Disaster Assessment Response Team (DART) with members, as well as Search and Rescue teams to assist with coordination to AKDN helicopters to transport relief supplies and medical teams. With the collaboration of the Pakistan Army, FOCUS has transported 200 MT of relief goods, 126 MT of food across Sindh, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan. FOCUS is also supplied tarpaulins, tents, blankets, water and hygiene kits, as well as basic healthcare services, to Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit Baltistan, Punjab and Sindh provinces with the support of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) (Akdn, 2010; & Rose et al., 2018). Muslim Charity has launched a £2 million appeal to help the victims of floods in Pakistan and raised £2 million since Oct 2010. Some 150,000 are the target people who benefited through the activities of Muslim Charity. Muslim Charity is providing clean drinking water to 50,000 people, food to 100,000 people for the month of Ramadan; also provides 18 medical camps facilities to 30,000 people and provide shelter to 8,000 people. The targets of Muslim Charity in the second phase of relief work to rebuild 2 primary schools, 500 houses, 10 mosque, 2 medical centre and 500 houses in Pakistan (RTÉ News, 2010).
The UNICEF and partner organization were started health campaigns and provide high-impacts packages and economical child survival kits. Children, especially from rural areas, were given immunization and de-warming medicine during the campaign. Mothers were advised on household practices like basic hygiene and breastfeeding and on how to identify and treat diseases like pneumonia and diarrhoea. The campaign of mother-child days provides services health education at delivering point locations. These leady health workers carry out concentrated nutrition, health and hygiene promotion activities through counselling sessions; given demonstrations on the use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) for the treatment of diarrhoea; and convey important life-saving messages regarding the prevention of infectious diseases like skin infections, pneumonia diarrhoea and malaria (UNICEF, 2010). The department has been conducted seven vaccination campaigns in Mastung, Pakistan. These vaccinations contain component against polio. Children of EPI from one to two year of age often be vaccinated against Measles, Polio, Tetanus, Pertusus, Diphtheria and Hepatitis and De-worming medicine are be given to children from two to five (City News, 2011). The study proceeded with the following objectives.
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study to measure the different relationship between pre-post interventions in the provision of health facilities.
Materials and Methods
This section deals with materials and methods used in the study entitled “People Perception towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities in District Swat, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan”. The study was conducted in Union Council (UC) Kally of District Swat. There were 15 villages, and among them, five were randomly selected for the collection of data. This area is selected purposively as it is the most affected area throughout the whole district of Swat due to floods and militancy as well. In addition, it possess a high level of NGO interventions working in different walks of life, especially health.
A simple random sampling technique was used in the study. The sample size of 230 from the total population size (those household heads who are beneficiaries of NGOs) stands at 450 was worked out on the analogy of Sekaran (2003) shown in her book. The distribution of population size is shown in Table-1 also describe the sample size of each stratum based on the population size as per proportional allocation basis while using the formula.
Chudhry and Kamal (1996)
Where
n = sample size of the total population
ni = sample size of each village/strata
Ni = number of the household in each stratum/village
N = Total numbers of household benefited from NGOs
Table 1. Numbers of Respondents in each Village
|
Name
of village |
Population size |
Sample size |
|
Pir
kalay |
120 |
61 |
|
Shair Palam |
150 |
77 |
|
Shakar
dara |
70 |
36 |
|
Qalagai |
60 |
31 |
|
Jurra |
50 |
25 |
|
Total |
450 |
230 |
Results and Discussions
On the basis of the interview schedule, every respondent was interviewed in the form of report series within a selected variable with two responses (Pre and Post), then applying a univariate test or simple frequency. The following results indicate as below.
The study showed the NGOs intervention in relation to health facilities improve the health facilities after interventions in the study area.
Uni - Variate Analysis of Health Facilities
In the comparison, it was found that disable centres were available before NGOs interventions in the study area, while, after NGO intervention, the number of available disabled centre raised to 3 centres available after NGO interventions. Different people/organizations established disabled centers that helped those people needy and face problem in their routine life while accessing basic human rights, including access to education and health facilities, access to employment, transport and mobility etc. and it made a positive impact on the quality of life of Person with Disabilities (PWDs) and the larger society (Alizadeh et al., 2020). The number of disabling centres has been increasing with NGO intervention in Pakistan (Bhandara, 1971).
About the distribution of hygiene kits, 100% respondents said that there were no hygiene kits distributed before NGOs interventions. While after NGOs interventions, 1.3% said that 0% were distributed, 20.87% replied about 1-25 %, 33% answered about 26-50%, 38.3% had reported as out 51-75%, and 18.7% replied that76-100% hygiene kits were distributed in the study area. Similarly, CARE international and other organizations also distributed hygiene kits in the shape of tents, tarpaulins, mosquito nets and kitchen sets and water purification tablets etc. (Akdn, 2010; and care international, 2011).
100% of the respondents reported that there were no sanitation kits distributed before NGO interventions. It was found that 75-100 percent sanitation kits distributed after the NGOs intervention. Similarly, Oxfam providing hot meals and clean water to more than 180,000 people, provided with clean water, sanitation kits and hygiene kits provision to 900,000 people (Oxfam, 2010).
The number of medical team/doctors before NGOs was zero while, after NGOs intervention, the availability of doctors and teams of doctors had raised to 100%. These results amply support the findings with respect to (NAPPCNC, 2004). That provisions of medical supplies for the treatment of one thousand by saving the children government efforts is limited often have less results producing as for distance of the needy population (Islam and Tahir, 2002).
About the provision of medicine out of 100%, 92.2% respondents said as zero percent, provision of medicine 7.8% upon 1-25 percent, before NGOs interventions, while 4.8% respondents had disclosed as zero percent, 8.7.% upon 1-25 percent, 36.9% upon26-50 percent, 29.6% upon 51-75 percent, 20.0% upon 76-100 percent medicine were provided on post NGOs intervention. It is cleared from the report that the Medicines’ sans Frontiers’ (MSF) emergency medical support openly allow a view of the complexity of the people they served (Trouiller et al., 2002). The company distributed food items and medicines to five thousand families in Sindh and also donated some air-conditioned container (Pkonweb, 2010).
Mosquito net distribution amongst the locals100% of the respondents said that there were no mosquito nets distributed before NGOs interventions, while 16.5% respondents expressed1-25 percent that mosquito nets were provided, 28.3% upon 26-50 percent, 6.5% upon 51-75 percent, 28.7% upon 75-100 percent distributed after NGOs interventions. It was concluded that CARE international had provided mosquito nets and kitchen sets to thousands of survivors (Care international, 2010).
In addition, about the availability of BHU out of total 100%, 23.9% respondents responded in negative 55.7% upon (1-25) percent, 18.7% upon( 26-50) percent, 1.7% upon( 51-75) percent upon the availability of BHU,s before NGOs interventions, while, 2.6% respondents responded in negative, 41.3% upon (1-25 ) percent, 23.5% upon (26-50) percent, 17.8% upon 51-75 percent, 14.8% upon 76-100 percent BHU were available after NGOs intervention it was also disclosed by (2009). The national system of medical services consisted of 482 RHCs, 4144 dispensaries, 4616 BHUs and 796 hospitals, respectively.
On the availability of the mobile hospitals, 93.0% of respondents said that no mobile hospital was available before NGO interventions. While 5.7% of respondents said that zero mobile hospital were available after NGO interventions. 92.2% upon 1-2 and the remaining 2.2% respondents said that 3-6 mobile hospital were present after intervention in the study area. These findings are similar to the report concluded by Masood Azhar (2010) that 100-bed hospitals (mobile) were donated by the Government of Saudi Arabia. Muslim charity also rebuilt hospitals in Pakistan (RTE New, 2010).
Table 4.2.1 further depicts the information about the establishment of the medical camps in the study area where 100% of the respondents disclosed that there were no medical camps before NGOs interventions, while 5.2% respondents had opined that the number of medical camps was zero after NGOs interventions. 71.7% upon 1-3, 20.0% mentioned 4-6, 3.0% point out 7-80 after the interventions. This information supports the finding disclosed by RTÉ News (2010) that 18 medical camps facilities were provided to 30000 people in Pakistan during the floods.
Similarly, 10.9% had not got benefits of vaccination, while 8.3% vaccinated up to 1-25 percent, 7.4% up to 26-50 percent, 30.0% up to 51-75 percent and 43.5% up to 76-100 percent before NGOs interventions. While, 22.6% said that no benefit was achieved, 3.9% up to 1-25 percent, 1.7% up to 26-50 percent, 4.8% up to 51-75 percent, 67.0% up to 76-100 percent after NGOs interventions, respectively. However, different initiatives were undertaken by the NGOs to mitigate the chances of disabilities through vaccinations (City News, 2011).
Table 2. Showing Health Facilities
|
Statements |
Total |
Range |
Pre |
Post |
|
Number
of disabled centers |
230(100) |
0 |
226(98.3) |
56(24.3) |
|
1 |
4(1.7) |
171(74.3) |
||
|
2 |
0 |
2(0.9) |
||
|
3 |
0 |
1(0.4) |
||
|
Hygiene
kits distributed in number |
230(100) |
0 |
230(100) |
3(1.3) |
|
1-25% |
0 |
20(8.7) |
||
|
26-50% |
0 |
76(33.0) |
||
|
51-75% |
0 |
88(38.3) |
||
|
76-100% |
0 |
43(18.7) |
||
|
Number
of sanitation kits are provided by NGOs |
230(100) |
0 |
230(100) |
95(41.3) |
|
1-25 |
0 |
112(48.7) |
||
|
26-50 |
0 |
19(8.3) |
||
|
51-75 |
0 |
3(1.3) |
||
|
75-100 |
0 |
1(0.4) |
||
|
number of medical teams/doctors |
230(100) |
0 |
213(92.6) |
70(30.4) |
|
1-20 |
9(3.9)) |
128) 55.7) |
||
|
21-40 |
8(3.5) |
16(7.0) |
||
|
41-60 |
0 |
11(4.8) |
||
|
61-80 |
0 |
5(2.2) |
||
|
How
much medicine provided to people |
230(100) |
0 |
212(92.2) |
11(4.8) |
|
1-25 |
18(7.8) |
20(8.7) |
||
|
26-50 |
0 |
84(36.9) |
||
|
51-75 |
0 |
68(29.6) |
||
|
76-100 |
0 |
46(20.0) |
||
|
Mosquito
nets distribution in number |
230(100) |
0 |
230(100) |
0 |
|
1-25 |
|
38(16.5) |
||
|
26-50 |
0 |
65(28.3) |
||
|
51-75 |
0 |
61(26.5) |
||
|
76-100 |
0 |
66(28.7) |
||
|
NGOs
ensure availability of BHU |
230(100) |
0 |
55(23.9) |
6(2.6) |
|
1-25 |
128(55.7) |
95(41.3) |
||
|
26-50 |
43(18.7) |
54(23.5) |
||
|
51-75 |
4(1.7) |
41(17.8) |
||
|
76-100 |
0 |
34(14.8) |
||
|
Number
of mobile hospitals |
230(100) |
0 |
214(93.0) |
13(5.7) |
|
1-2 |
16(7.0) |
212(92.2) |
||
|
3-6 |
0 |
5(2.2) |
||
|
Number
of free medical camps |
230(100) |
0 |
230(100) |
12(5.2) |
|
1-3 |
0 |
165(71.7) |
||
|
4-6 |
0 |
46(20.0) |
||
|
7-80 |
0 |
7(3.0) |
||
|
Number
of people benefited through vaccination programs (typhoid, cholera, polio etc.)
|
230(100) |
0 |
25(10.9) |
52(22.6) |
|
1-25 |
19(8.3) |
9(3.9) |
||
|
26-50 |
17(7.4) |
4(1.7) |
||
|
51-75 |
69(30.0) |
11(4.8) |
||
|
76-100 |
100(43.5) |
154(67.0) |
|
Statement
|
Pre |
Post |
Mean
difference |
T
value |
P-value |
||
|
Mean |
Standard
Error |
Mean |
Standard
Error |
||||
|
Number
of disabled centers |
0.714 |
.009 |
.774 |
.0309 |
-.757 |
-23.993 |
0.000 |
|
Hygiene kits distribution in number |
0.000 |
0.000 |
60.752 |
1.613 |
-60.752 |
-37.670 |
0.000 |
|
Number of sanitation kits are provide by NGOs |
0.000 |
0.000 |
10.361 |
0.965 |
-10.361 |
-10.738 |
0.000 |
|
Number of medical teams/Doctors |
1.609 |
.442 |
9.030 |
1.072 |
-7.422 |
-6.871 |
0.000 |
|
How much medicine provided to people |
0.826 |
0.213 |
58.900 |
1.809 |
-58.074 |
-32.134 |
0.000 |
|
Mosquito nets distribution |
0.000 |
0.000 |
61.591 |
1.770 |
-61.591 |
-34.784 |
0.000 |
|
NGOs ensure availability of BHU |
17.574 |
1.249 |
39.396 |
2.399 |
-21.822 |
-14.239 |
0.000 |
|
Number of mobile hospitals |
0.696 |
0.017 |
1.235 |
0.043 |
-1.165 |
-25.529 |
0.000 |
|
Number
of free medical camps |
0.000 |
0.000 |
3.370 |
0.591 |
-3.370 |
-5.699 |
0.000 |
|
A number of people benefited through
Vaccination programs (typhoid, cholera, polio etc.) |
66.830 |
2.137 |
68.813 |
2.716 |
-1.983 |
-.846 |
0.398 |
Conclusions
The study titled “people perception of the role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the provision of health facilities in District Swat, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan” was conducted in Swat, KP, Pakistan. The study found that the NGOs working in the study area had successfully contributed to the uplift in the health sector. As indicated, the number of disabled centers, provision of sanitation kits, hygiene kits, provision of mosquito nets, number of medical doctors, provision of medicines, the establishment of BHU, mobile hospital and free medical camps. In addition, NGOs play an important role to provide health facilities in an emergency situation like disasters and pandemics.
Recommendations
An appraisal based on strict criteria needed to be adopted, and provision of funds needed to be linked to the
the outcome of these appraisals. The projects should be extended to other far plunged neglected areas while incorporating all the felt needs of the locals. The program continuity must be linked to the dissemination of knowledge and training to the locals. These programs need to be run through locals under the sole supervision of donors. In addition, preventive health efforts must be initiated by both public and private agencies at the community level, and health-related material must be included in the textbooks of private and public school at the primary and secondary level. Besides this, the locals and their leaders must participate in the need assessment approach.
References
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- Chaudry, & Kamal. (1996). Introduction to statistical theory. 6th edition published by Ilmi Katab Khana.
- City News. 2011. Pakistan crosses last year's polio count reports 148 cases so far against 144 last year by shahina maqbool Islamabad. pp 13.
- Cleary, S. (1997). The Role of NGOs under authoritarian Rule. Newyork: Macmillan press.
- Daynes, L., Communicating Suffering: A View from NGO Practice. InCaring in Crisis? Humanitarianism, the Public and NGOs 2017 (pp. 119-123). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
- Fonseka, C. D. (1991). Alliance of Convenience, Lokniti : The Journal of Asian NGO Coalition. 7(2): 8-9.
- GOP. (2009). Economic Survey of Pakistan 2008-09 Ministry of Finance, Islamabad; 2009. . Accessed on 14-Nov-2011 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/11/122
- Hulme, David, Edwards and Michael. 1997. NGOs, States and Donors: Too Close for Comfort? Macmillan Press Ltd..
- Islam, A., Tahir, M. Z. (2002). Health sector reform in South Asia: new challenges and constraints. Health Policy; 60: 151-169.J Pak Med Assoc 2008, 58(1):33-36.
- Jabeen, S. (2010). Role of NGOs in Development, Posted on: 26/02/2010, Location: Lahore Accessed on 24-March 2011. http://www.Ilmkidunya.Com/Article/Role_Of_Ngos.Asp
- Jumbam, D. T., Durnwald, L., Ayala, R., & Kanmounye, U. S. (2020). The role of non-governmental organizations in advancing the global surgery and anesthesia goals. J Public Health Emerg 4:18. doi: 10.21037/jphe-2020-gs-07
- Kang, & Sang, W. (2001). Study on NGOs growth in South Korea, Doctoral dissertation, Seoul National University.
- Lewis, D. (1999). NGOs College Essay Fataiska 85. . Accessed on 25-Dec-2011 http://www.oppapers.com/essays /Ngos/889600
- Martens, & Kerstin. (2002). ‘Mission Impossible? Defining Non-governmental Organizations, Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. International Society for Third-Sector Research and the Johns Hopkins University. Vol. 13, No. 3.
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Cite this article
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APA : Ahmad, S., Alam, J., & Rehman, S. (2020). People Perception Towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities: Pragmatic Facts from Swat-Pakistan. Global Sociological Review, V(III), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2020(V-III).12
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CHICAGO : Ahmad, Shakeel, Jan Alam, and Shahid Rehman. 2020. "People Perception Towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities: Pragmatic Facts from Swat-Pakistan." Global Sociological Review, V (III): 107-116 doi: 10.31703/gsr.2020(V-III).12
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HARVARD : AHMAD, S., ALAM, J. & REHMAN, S. 2020. People Perception Towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities: Pragmatic Facts from Swat-Pakistan. Global Sociological Review, V, 107-116.
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MHRA : Ahmad, Shakeel, Jan Alam, and Shahid Rehman. 2020. "People Perception Towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities: Pragmatic Facts from Swat-Pakistan." Global Sociological Review, V: 107-116
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MLA : Ahmad, Shakeel, Jan Alam, and Shahid Rehman. "People Perception Towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities: Pragmatic Facts from Swat-Pakistan." Global Sociological Review, V.III (2020): 107-116 Print.
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OXFORD : Ahmad, Shakeel, Alam, Jan, and Rehman, Shahid (2020), "People Perception Towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities: Pragmatic Facts from Swat-Pakistan", Global Sociological Review, V (III), 107-116
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TURABIAN : Ahmad, Shakeel, Jan Alam, and Shahid Rehman. "People Perception Towards the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Provision of Health Facilities: Pragmatic Facts from Swat-Pakistan." Global Sociological Review V, no. III (2020): 107-116. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2020(V-III).12