Abstract

The paper analysis and conceptualizing the status and emancipation of women in Pakistan during the Musharraf era. In Pakistan’s context, the position of women is a foundational gender disparity even though the reality is that it differs impressively across classes, zones and the rural/urban disparity because of uneven socio-economic growth and the influence of innate, primitive and entrepreneur societal arrangements on the women lives.  The study concluded that Pakistani women nowadays, although they escalate a higher status than before. Moreover, women in Pakistan have attained high positions, including Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Foreign Minister, and federal ministers also, judges and officers in the military.

Key Words

Women, Theorizing, Pakistan, Society, Education, Politics

Introduction

Numerous religious groups in Pakistan that have extremely increasing political force ever since the Zia-ul-Haq regime in the 1980s advocated domination of woman status in the country. Different improvements are being prepared as Lahore has commenced its first assistance of women traffic officers to pact with the traffic flow and the homeland's most preservationist zone Khyber Pakhtunkhwa intends to build the women into the police power. Certainly, flush with these upgrades, wild inhabited harm and higher child marriages and forced marriages to continue. Pakistan has two systems with arrangement of law “civil and sharia”. The Constitution of Pakistan identifies fairness among both gender (Art. 25(2) describe, "There will be no discrimination based on gender.

Women empowerment is a composite and emerging notion that is continually being described, noticeable, explained, honed, and clarified. It is overwhelmingly linked with gender orientation balance and fairness that have all allocates the presence is an absolute purpose of empowerment to the women. It has allied with the organizational modification of society over property and work modifications, opportunity of education and instruction contact to properties, independency and freedom to dynamic power over productivity and woman own command on their bodies, Genderism and production. Therefore, empowerment is setting ward, and one dubious and unique thought of empowerment cannot be forced settings across authenticity altogether. However, it is a pliable idea that can imply various things in fluctuating and numerous specific circumstances; furthermore, in this way, it escapes a particular and succinct explanation. Empowerment should similarly be intellectualized over woman own thoughts and lives that cannot be an embarrassment of an urban working-class thought of rustic women consuming a generally extraordinary space.

This has broadly recognized that the idea of empowerment to the women is mind-boggling and exposed to various understandings relying on the unique circumstance. For instance, Maason and Smith, in an investigation of five Asian nations, examine that gender orientation associations are vigorously affected by public standards and norms. Furthermore, they reveal that society in the five nation’s examination was an obviously well indicator of empowerment to the women than singular characteristics. It was discovered that empowerment is characteristically multi-dimensional and unpredictable as women might be at the same time engaged in certain circles and not in others. In their research, Artisan and Smith reasoned that society standards and norms are the thoughtful determining factor of empowerment to the women in particular settings and must be adjusted if important change is imagined.

Another investigation that circumstantial the thought of empowerment to the women was direct by the Women's Empowerment in Muslim Contexts venture where the Pakistani NGO Shirkat Gah was an accomplice. This task analyzed the setting explicit manners by which women take activities to engage themselves by defeating financial, legitimate, and political deterrents, including testing the utilization of values and religion to legitimize harsh reviews. In this activity, authority is view as the main thrust that avoids and underestimates people and groups. Getting from the Foucauldian idea of force as scattered and diffuse it is viewed as pervading people, groups and social orders rather than radiating from a static theme. In her investigation of gender orientation, religion and the quest for equity, Farida Shaheed proposes that in Pakistan, Islam has transformed from a simply religion character to a framework that directs all parts of life. Shaheed attests that the genuine authority that undermines women for the sake of culture, religion and convention is the intertwining of legislative issues and religion with the goal of catching state power and applying political impact. Nathalène Reynolds who contends that issues explicit to the Pakistani setting, in which governments during brief popularity-based recesses have battled to keep the social structure unblemished should analyzed to comprehend the disputes of gender equivalence in the nation bolsters this contention.




The Marxist Versus Poststructuralist Concept of Power

The idea of intensity has experienced radical changes after some time. The Marxist origination of intensity lives in the possibility that the predominant social classes in the public arena practice control over the subordinate and oppressed classes until they ousted over social conflict and new authoritative classes emerge. The traditional idea of intensity, as practiced by somebody above genuinely tested by the post-structuralism development during the 1980s when the French history specialist Michel Foucault presented power as diffuse and scattered across social spaces and created at a few locales instead of existing in a particular vertical measurement. Foucault recommended that force practiced at numerous focuses through the utilization of master information inferred through the social, clinical and political controls (1979, 1988). In this dialogue control is not an article that can control to an individual or class it is a procedure that can happen in any circumstance for instance, the treatment circumstance where the master produces control over the patient. A definitive target of the diffuse force is to make meek and competent bodies, whose adjustment to build up social standards and shows can be guarantee through clinical and disciplinary intercessions as opposed to coordinate power.

The discussion between the Marxists and post-structuralisms the post-modernists be furious. Marxists declare that specific classes practice power through the state to promote their own advantages of capital amassing. Furthermore, they refer to the mastery of worldwide enterprises in the present form of private enterprise as proof that force dwells with the individuals who own and control the information creating industry that corporate media and printing houses that produce educational plans. The ability to deliver new discourses therefore still resides with those methods and techniques to create package disperse and circulate information.

Post-structuralism women's activists took advantage of the Foucault re-meaning of Ability to challenge the possibility that force must be practice over somebody. The possibility that force can be a constructive class that could be create by anybody resounds with the idea that someone have authority with as opposed to on another. However, this idea furnishes women with a passage opinion into the talks of intensity. It releases up force and creates it conceivably accessible to women and empowerment turns into a possibility.




Multi-Dimensional Concepts of Power

The CARE, a multinational non-governmental organization (NGO), defines meaning of empowerment that includes three dimensions: individuals, structures and connections. As per CARE: 

People would expansion authority to change and impression change; structures that direct social, financial and political force holding must be adjusted and human connections must be made or altered to help change.

Explaining this three-dimensional model of authority and change, CARE states that barring the lives of deprived women based on standing, race or different pointers of social disparities is debilitating and an adjustment in every one of the three circles (individual, structures and connections) is an important pre-essential for empowerment to the women. Another universal meaning of empowerment to the women given by the World Economic Forum that comprises the notion of central human rights for its development of empowerment to the women. The previous thirty years have seen a consistently expanding attention to the need to enable women through processes to build societal, financial and political justice and extensive access to human rights, enhancement in nourishment, fundamental wellbeing and education. Over access to wellbeing, instruction and nourishment, however; joins the contact base contention with human rights and an expansion in social, monetary and political fairness. A significant access-based explanation of empowerment to the women shows up in Pakistan's Medium Term Development Framework 2005–2010 that reveals. Empowerment includes access to alternatives, information, instruction and assets, dynamic force and specialist and command over one's life.

Naila Kabeer illustrates over the multi-

dimensional nature of empowerment, and its complex signs, in her investigation of the third Millennium Development Goal (MDG) identified with gender fairness. Further, she visualizes the empowerment to the women as incorporating more noteworthy reach over knowledge social and financial possessions that combined with prominent independence in monetary and political dynamic. Kabeer therefore comprises independence and dynamic Ability to reach over financial, political and social possessions, together with nutrition, medical facilities, instruction, credit, business, obligation and reach over media. Going further, Kabeer additionally looks for change in the Gender division of work, a key territory of women's activist talk. 

A portion of the suspicions of women's activists and advancement experts the same have not been borne out by understanding and study. In spite of the fact that it is helpful to plan, structure and execute mediations, empowerment may not happen or come to fruition as imagined. The procedure is influence by such a large number of variables and assailed by coincidental occasions, such abrupt modifications in political arrangements, that a clear connection between strategy mediations and results cannot be ensure. At this point, it is relevant to allude to Bushra Zulfiqar's sharp examination that recognizes that empowerment is an intricate procedure and profoundly implanted in social and social builds that characterize its extension and constraints in 2010. Therefore, empowerment to the women is regularly liken with the ability to settle on decisions throughout everyday life, and it is expected that monetarily free women be fit for settling on decisions for themselves. Actually, Zulfiqar contends, the activity of decision is rereligion by numerous variables, specifically the gendered impression of male and female. In addition, key contention is that financial interest alone does not prompt empowerment to the women. Access to work advertise does not improve the status of women inside the family unit order and does not influence the force relations in support of them.

Self-Empowerment Versus External Sources of Power

Bushra Zulfiqar, who contends that empowerment is an exceptionally comparative and multifaceted idea with various verbalizations for various people, maintains the thought that women take activities to enable themselves as opposed to depending exclusively on outer powers. Zulfiqar trusts it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to discourse the problem of authorization at a specific level and such empowerment is a perspective that needs to originate from inside and cannot be conceded by any external artist. Therefore, outward on-screen, characters like the administration, common society and benefactors can support to make an empowering situation for women to practice decisions throughout everyday life. Moreover, women jobs should furnish with a social space that is liberate from brutality, dread and segregation. In addition, women ability to practice decisions obliged by gendered originations of manliness and womanliness in given settings and as Zulfiqar contends empowerment to the women can at last test and modify man centric convictions and foundations that propagate such generalizations and subsequently fortify imbalance.

An author in her investigation of the legislative issues of empowerment, Bushra Zulfiqar calls attention to a significant zone that has render undetectable because of the preferences and quiet encompassing the issue. This is the immensely significant circle of regenerative decisions that regularly constrained by families with women having little state over their own bodies and Genderism. Therefore, women in explicit settings are not permit to control preventative utilization, fruitfulness and labor. Furthermore, in this inhabits perhaps the greatest source of disempowerment. Lori Adelman, who states that at the core of equity and empowerment lie an individual’s basic right and Ability to control her own body including her Genderism and bolsters this contention. Adelman contends that without this right, women chance being not able to Far to schools in light of being constrained into an early marriage or explicitly hassled, assaulted or ousted based on being pregnant. By virtue of religion convictions and social biases that women gender and regenerative rights regularly covered peacefully.




Instrumental View of Women's Empowerment

Although controversies dependent on access, balance and rights the writing on empowerment to the women additionally exposes influential disputes on the rationale that empowerment to the women is not an end in itself. Therefore, way to accomplishing different finishes. For instance, the universal association CARE looks to enable women as mediator of development. It is contended that when women are bolstered and engaged the entire society welfares. The World Bank took a comparative opinion in its statement that empowerment has for quite some time been legitimized being developed talk for the prosperity of women yet in addition for its positive effect upon families. Moreover, this view is much the same as the dispute regularly progressed for education to the women therefore if a woman is educated than entire family unit and community receive the rewards. This inclination to see empowerment to the woman some outer objective is perceptible in the contention that empowerment to the women prompts monetary development. In addition, the affinity to view women privileges as an instrument of accomplishing different goals is additionally distinct in the viewpoint of the UN Population. Fund that "empowerment to the women is imperative to practical turn of events and the acknowledgment of human rights for all" influential thinking for empowerment to the women in this way incorporates. However, it is not restricted to thoughts dependent on cultural advantage, positive effect upon families, financial development and maintainable turn of events.

Influential contentions walk from those dependent on rights and correspondence that underscore empowerment as the premise of women balance and their pleasure in essential rights. An influential basis for any privilege might be easiness reach over such rights in settings wherever opposition is detected. Regardless, those contentions come to be reckless for they propagate the thought that empowerment is not imperative for the wellbeing of women own but since it fills some need that is more extensive and outer to their inclinations.

Dimensions of Women Emancipation

In the course of the recently three decades, Gender equality and empowerment discusses are presence concentrated. It has understood that measures and activities without regarding the feminine position in the public have hostile influence on growth rate. Joined Nations International Conference on Women in 1995, apprehended in Beijing concerned on the need to decline gender difference and to build empowerment to the women. The third objective of Millennium Development Goal is in regards to Gender orientation fairness and empowerment to the women. Various nations, states and International Development Organizations made responsibilities to diminish Gender orientation correspondence as a key for practical financial turn of events.

Plenty of writing exhibits that empowerment to the women is straightforwardly connect with preventative use, lower richness, and longer birth interims. Moreover, instruction is one of the determinants of empowerment of women that additionally brings down the ripeness rate and improves the profit. For political empowerment, training assumes a significant job too taught women are better educated about their lawful rights and they can effectively take an interest in political dynamic procedure. In a male centric culture like Pakistan, empowerment to the women is also exceptionally hard to complete as social orders and systems are exemplified by warily societal and community standards. In a customary society like Pakistan, the men take the whole major just as the minor choices identify with inside and outside the house.

The obstructions of low degree of empowerment to the women in Pakistan is due to regional differences, social abilities, social values and contracts, ethnic and policy centered problems. Moreover, the women status and position is similarly unique regarding rustic and urban. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2012), reports women proficiency rate is lower and unpredictable while contrasted with men in country and urban regions. However, women in provincial regions spend more hours at fill in when contrasted with women in urban zones. For the most part in creating nations like Pakistan women are limited to inhabited maneuvers alike doing family responsibilities and risings kids and women have less access to appreciate the chances, dynamic and fundamental assets. There is solid need of empowerment to the women particularly on financial aspects ground. The explanation is that women are utmost of the public and express to lion's share of poor people. Moreover, the monetary empowerment has critical effect on the employment of women youngsters at the family unit, yet in addition at the network and national level.

As anticipated by Awan (2012) social issues have pretty much similar influence on women with esteem to upper or lower classes. She further explained that the honored women are gradually instruct with hard financial support and available resources. Therefore, in some distinctive territories, women are the casualties of unfairness. Furthermore, the status and position of women in underestimated percentage or poor fragment of public are defenseless. In rustic regions, women relied upon to perform family unit tasks just as horticulture and cultivating exercises. Moreover, their commitment is not valued and for the most part underestimated as in light of the fact that they are the unpaid family laborers.




Determinants of Women’s Emancipation

The idea of women empowerment has now got one of the most discussed and inquired about issues among analysts. It is for the most part contended that empowerment to the women is critical for maintainable financial development and decrease in neediness in the creating nations. Verma (2016) illustrates authorization as on the way to upgrading abilities and border of social gatherings or people to resolve on pronouncements and to modify those pronouncements into required actions and outcomes. In this point of view Elliot (2008) referenced that empowerment has both target and abstract measurements. Empowerment to the women is a procedure of empowering cooperation of women in formative exercises, giving them opportunity of versatility and intensity of discourse.

Rashid (2013) portrayed that empowerment to the women implies making women self-reliant, giving them opportunity and access to the monetary chances. Empowerment to the women is upgrading their situation in power structure of the public. Empowerment to the women is a procedure of progress where women remade or get the ability of taking choices and bolster themselves and their relatives monetarily and ethically A few specialists perceive empowerment to the women as participatory procedure through which they accomplish value and balance. 

Afzal (2009) depicted the elements of empowerment as various pointers: financial security, legitimate and political mindfulness, authority of offer and buys, support in dynamic, opportunity of versatility, not treated as subordinate, investment in political and social exercises and confidence. Wonders of empowerment are characterized in exceptionally slender viewpoint it ought to be characterize without pondering limits It is an all-inclusive marvel and it ought to be clarify with well-mannered and manly powers rather than gender. Therefore, empowerment to the women mean women carried on with a socially dynamic life and take interest-developed exercises. Monetary empowerment of women is initial move towards empowerment.

Ahmad (2004) asserted that empowerment to the women is a work on giving empowering condition to women against winning standards, culture and customs to build their prosperity. He further portrayed those women empowerment brings about the immediate and obvious improvement in family unit's salary and decrease of vulnerabilities. For example, arrangement of miniaturized microeconomics services to women has huge positive effect on women fearlessness, dynamic influence and the executive’s capacities.

Structure the above conversation it tends to be contended that destitution and empowerment to the women is interconnected terms. Destitution is a multi-faceted marvel that adversely influences not just the Ability of family units to purchase merchandise, yet additionally increment powerlessness towards different dangers and weights that may deny a family unit or individual from appreciating quality life. Destitution can be clarified as far as the absence of essential abilities to take an interest successfully in the public arena and getting a charge out of better than average living, infringement of human pride. Not having enough to take care of and attire for family, not approaching credit, not having the gainful land to develop nourishment or a great job to acquire cash, not having the option to get to instruction, frailty, uncertainty and avoidance. In addition, women are likewise having numerous wellbeing related risks explicitly because of their terrible working conditions. These issues get progressively genuine structure when these are identified with the wellbeing of moms' of handicapped youngsters as such kids need more consideration from their moms' side that cannot be conceivable if the mother herself is debilitated.

Constrained or no entrance to job resources like instruction, credit offices, land, foundation, wellbeing offices and absence of nutritious nourishment, spare drinking water, poor sanitation, and ostensible commitment to family unit dynamic make rustic women of Pakistan gradually defenseless. Penury additionally urges rustic women into condition in which they become defenseless to abuse. In similar Adams, (2008) expressed that the rustic women in agrarian social orders have low wages, confined option to access to training and wellbeing administrations, low professional stability and basically no or constrained legacy and land rights.

Impact of Education on Women’s Emancipation

Women empowerment is a procedure that gives women force or power to challenge certain circumstances. Therefore, it is an essential and an important necessity to make the procedure of self-awareness and advancement of a nation steady and maintainable and it for the most part happens when women challenge winning traditions and culture to improve their prosperity. The battle for empowerment to the women has two-overlap destinations (a) social equity, a noteworthy aspect of human prosperity, which is characteristically worth after and (b) a way to extra closures. Moreover, innovative Western world has perceived the rights and significance of women and is progressing in the direction of equating positions of women and men in creating nations the image is not as promising. In addition, Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (2015) stated that women in the created world are moderately progressively enable financially and have a radical voice. Gender imbalance is taken as a typical issue of the creating nations. Women in creating nations are typically unsaid and their voice has quieted because of characteristic financial and social variables. In conclusion, around 50% of Pakistani populace involves women who neglect to pace with men in numerous regions, Government of Pakistan (2016) reports proficiency rate for women (45%) is lesser under men (69%) and for economy to thrive such instructive gap associates with loss of HR that could carry stream to budgetary advancement.  Perceiving and carrying this lethargic gathering to standard formative procedures that empowerment to the women would assume a significant job.

Numerous examinations recommend that empowerment to the women is impact by close to home, familial, and socio-social elements, which incorporate, age at marriage, family framework, matrimonial terms, training and employments.  In spite of the fact that outer operators (society, culture, associations and governments) are basic for prodding empowerment toward specialists such as confidence influence empowerment.

Education had all the earmarks of being irrelevant in foreseeing the empowerment of women without employments in certain examinations. Moreover, education has upheld to raise the employability to empower women to help their confidence, independence, dynamic certainty and makes them mindful of their privileges. At times only accomplishing the education does not ensure elevated levels of confidence in women except if they land paid position. The degree of confidence was essentially higher among working women who earned pay contrasted with taught homemakers without employments.

Income broadening assumes a critical job in upgrading self-assurance and confidence of women. The monetary status of women who can find themselves versus their youngsters without looking for help from spouse improves their confidence. Therefore, salary earned by paid employments diminishes women finance related reliance and improves their power over family assets that lead those to be enabled (Heaton et al., 2005). Moreover, monetarily solid and dynamic women having her own reserve funds and higher salary offering to her family has more grounded financial force. Individual salary fortifies the bartering intensity of women inside the family, along these lines supplements their empowerment and point of view to challenge the predominant traditions that hamper their ability to settle on decisions. Therefore, property and ownership show the way of life of a family that influences empowerment to the women.

Klasen (2009) contemplated empowerment of women in Tehran and found that both conventional training and profit substantially affected empowerment to the women and in situations where women earned cash however did not have command over their salary diminished their empowerment. Now and then, family and social standards permit women to acquire cash without holding command over it or increasing any situation in the family or society, in such circumstances men are definitive recipients of empowerment to the women.  Access of women to credit can support their monetary autonomy, prompting women confidence that is more prominent and position in the families and expand network.

The literature proposes training raises confidence gradually and prompts empowerment of any individual along these lines confidence emphatically influences empowerment to the women. Malhotra (2012) found that confidence will in general increment with expanded training, thus the relationship is clear as well as intervened; higher instructive fulfillment prompts higher confidence as well as advanced education prompts higher status employments with a positive effect on confidence.

Conclusion

Projections of majority rule government and requirement for women votes, as they incorporate in excess of 50 percent of the populace, constrained ideological groups to put women issues on their plan in which instruction is a significant one. In any case, another time strategies would not be sufficient starved of a solid political responsibility to change the predicament of women on an ecological balance over instruction. Moreover, central revolution in societal approaches towards women is also mandatory especially in the country zones. Furthermore, inclusive women strategy alongside a solemn exertion from the high level can emerge a revolution to the base level to accomplish the objective of not exclusively women's turn of events yet additionally human resource advancement to achieve sustainable improvement in Pakistan. 

In Pakistan, political issue has influenced the condition prevalently. Therefore, individuals of our society do not have the patriotic interest. They do not come to schools for domestic obligation relatively to exterminate the time and to win cash. Unfortunately, the nationalistic methodology is lessening systematically below the stress of religious extremism and defensive activities. Unfortunately, the governments had not rewarded them appropriately, which has convoluted the issue. An intense and truthful undertaking is essential to discourse this position so that a protected future can secure. 

There is one object that states to authorization laws to propel women is privileges that the certifiable trial of guarantee to rectifying imbalances and unfairness accompanies those laws' execution. Pakistan is investigating the principal stage with mixed outcomes. Additionally, Women no longer hazard being blame for a bad behavior for being attack and endeavors are in progress to guarantee that women can take off to and be use at work environments without huge badgering. By the by, psychological militants continue attacking young women schools and look to oblige women activities and rights in savage manners. Women by and by hold the benefit to go to a court to challenge authority of children, yet extraordinary, princely exes still interminably win. In an amazing new turn of events, the Federal Sharia Court starting late declared four segments of the Protection of Women Act un-Islamic and thusly illegal. 

Additionally, when women are equipped for gain land it consistently does not bring about a title in their name and in land that they control. This reality is by all accounts particularly extreme for uneducated women to a social occasion genuinely insinuated in Pakistan as pardanashin women. Consequently, new draft guideline made arrangements for altering the disparities women face in holding gained land is by and by being make. Accordingly, this ought to expand the limit of women’s privileges of heritage just as their qualification to buy and keep up property in their own names. Amusingly, it stays an issue in Pakistan for banks to recognize the mark of a women observer in monetary related exchanges an aftereffect of the Law of Testimony while the head of Pakistan's national bank was, starting not very far in the past a lady. 

However, lawful advances made by solitary legal advisers there is no new institutional movement inside the legitimate framework to guarantee women’s finance related rights, beside different examinations grasped by the National Commission on the Status of Women and their sub-sequent proposals. It discusses that the disappointment of the nondemocratic state to pass on rights have crippled its realness and allowed easygoing, specially based frameworks to thrive. In the meantime, non-state entertainers have involved in the vacuity with their own crumbling, unjust ways of thinking. 

There is a squeezing need to reengineer the general national methodologies, organizations, their qualities, and the national monetary arrangement so that are most sexual direction congenial. This fundamental action basic to concentrate on the courts themselves. The official and authoritative parts of government can declare laws in any case; components to realize those laws fundamental to be speedily open in the legitimate official, particularly in the lower courts. Ideally, a different court ought to be set up inside the lawful official for family law cases including women’s unmistakably to settle marriage, care, guardianship, and exclusion. The legitimate official basic to see that it is against the open enthusiasm for a woman who possesses land to strip her enthusiasm for the land to a male relative. Enabling a woman to win an authority case is inconsequential if her children grown up when the case heard today, it is typical for such cases to sit tight for a significant long time. 

There has been inadequate thought paid to the managing of women for prostitution. Promoter’s battle that while the Women's Protection Act could use to arraign dealers, spreading out clear defends is basic to guarantee that women do not live in fear of catching and managing for either inward or external prostitution. Corrections to Pakistan's reformatory code have denied "lewd gestures," yet reject sexual managing, a concern in the greater field of incitement that basic to be address. The overhead sentiments can be sum up in the going with proposals for the Pakistani government: 

• Discourse approaches to execute starting late passed laws that fortify women’s privileges. 

• Draft new enactment to guarantee women’s money related rights and chances to increase a compensation. 

• Ensure that women can control obtained land. 

• Improve data and approval of laws. 

• Grow new enactment unequivocally tending to the managing of women for prostitution 

Behaviors basic to establish to join supporters of Pakistan's two clashing political undertakings arranging overall rights for women and a closer adherence to Islamic statutes to find housing that advantage women in Pakistan just as make an accord among Pakistanis that has dodged the nation up to this point. Moving further in legitimately empowering women in Pakistan today is a vital condition to make sure about a strong, prosperous, and achievable future for the country. 

References

• Adams, A., & Anastasia, M. (2008). Hunger and poverty: Definitions and distinctions. The Hunger Project. Punjab, India., p.256
• Afzal, A. T. et, all. (2009). Identification of factors hampering women empowerment in agriculture decision making and extension work in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 46: pp.64-68.
• Ahmad, F., & Sultan. M. (2004). Women's empowerment and mobility in Pakistan: Paper presented at Sharing Population and Development Research across South and West Asia, fifth Annual Research Conference Proceedings, Pak. Devel. Rev. 38, Karachi, Pakistan. p.89
• Ali, M., & Sultan, M. (2009). Socio-cultural constraints and women's decision-making power regarding reproductive behavior, pp.689-686.
• Amatul, R. C. et. al. (2012). An Analysis of Different Approaches to Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Pakistan, MPRA Paper No. 37784, posted 1. April 2012 06:40 UTC,
• Ankerbo, S., & Hoyda, K. (2013). Education as a Means to Women's Empowerment, Opgave, Approaches to Development (U-landslære), Denmark: Aarhus University. p.122
• Asha, S. (2015). Narrative Discourses on Purdah in the Subcontinent, ICFAI Journal of English Studies. 3(2), pp.41-51
• Ashraf, N., Karlan, D., & Yin, W. (2010). Women Empowerment: Impact of a commitment savings product in the Philippines. World Development, 38(3), 333-344. doi:10.1016/j. worlddev.2009.05.010
• Awan, A. G., & Iqbal, M. (2015). Role of microfinance in poverty alleviation: Evidence from Pakistan. Amer. J. Tr. & Poli. 2, Lahore: Publishers, pp.37-44.
• Baha, I. (2012). The empowerment of rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication, development and current challenges. 56th Session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women, New York.
• Bali, S. R. (2016). Microfinance and Women Empowerment. SIDA, Stockholm, and Baltimore: Published for resources for the future, Johns Hopkins Press.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator- mediator variable Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of World Development 51(6), pp.1173-1182.
• Basu, S., & Basu, P. (2001). Income generation program and empowerment of women-a case study in India. Article https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/p df
• Batliwala, S. (2017). The meaning of women's empowerment: New concepts from action. Education for women's empowerment. In: S. Giata, A. Germaine and L. Chen. (eds.), Population policies reconsideration: Health, Empowerment and rights. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, p.56
• Blumberg, R. L. (2015). Women's Economic Empowerment as the Magic Potion of Development? Paper presented at the 100th annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Philadelphia, USA.
• Farah, N., & Khan, I. A. (2015). Awareness about the health impacts of indoor air pollution on rural women in district Faisalabad. J. Glob. Innov. Agric. Soc. Sci. 3: pp.90-95.
• Farooq. M. (2012). Women Franchise and Political Participation: A Study in Gender Empowerment in Pakistan, Pakistan Perspectives, 7(2), pp-89- 91.
• Ghazala N., & Humala K. (2012). Gender Empowerment through Women's Higher Education: Opportunities and Possibilities, Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 6(1), pp. 50 -60.
• Gholipour, A., & Zehtabi, M. (2010). IMPACT model of women' empowerment. International Business Research, 3(1), p.57.
• Goetz, A. M., & Gupta, R. S. (2016). Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(1), pp.45-63.
• Gupta, K. (2016). Women in Hindu Social System (1206-1707 A.D.), Delhi: Inter-India Publications, p. 29.
• Gwako, E. L. (2015). Conjugal Power in Rural Kenya Families: It is Influence on Women's Decisions about Family Size and Family Planning Practices. Sex Roles 36(3-4), pp.127-147
• Heaton, T. B., & Flake. D. F. (2015). The effects of status on women's autonomy in Bolivia, Peru, and Nicaragua. Population Research & Publication. Review. 24, p.283-300.
• Iqbal, U. N. J., & Mann, A. A. (2014). Problems of the disabled children's mother in rural areas of Faisalabad. J. Glob. Innov. Agric. Soc. Sci. 2, pp.133-137.
• Jejeebhoy, S. J. (2010). Women's autonomy in rural India: its dimensions, determinants and the influence of the context, In: H.B. Presser and G. Sen (eds.), Women empowerment and demographic process, New York. pp.204-238.
• Kishor, S., & Subaiya, L. (2008). Understanding Women‘s Empowerment: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Data. Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc; Comparative Reports No. 20, p.12.
• Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). the impact of gender inequality in education and employment in economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Journal of Fem. Econ.15, pp.91- 132.
• Mahendra, S. D. (2004). Women Work Participation Using Occupational Data From NFHS Data Set, Lahore: Economic & Political Weekly, p.45
• Malhotra, A. S., & Boender, C. (2002). Measuring Women's Empowerment as a Variable in International Development, in Background Paper Prepared for the World Bank Workshop on Poverty and Gender: New Perspectives. IMF Publications, 28(1), p.55
• Malhotra, A., & Boender, C. (2012). Measuring women's empowerment as a variable in international development. Background paper prepared for the World Bank Workshop on poverty and gender: New perspectives. Final version, pp.6-13: June 28, 2002.
• Matthias, D., & Michèle, T. (2011). Does Women Empowerment Promote Economic Development, Discussion Paper No. 5637, p.32
• Morrison, A. D., & Sinha, N. (2007). Gender equality, poverty and economic growth, World Bank policy research working paper, 4349. Washington D.C: World Bank
• Mostofa, G. I., & Islam, T. M. (2008). Mathematical modeling of women empowerment in Bangladesh. Res. J. Appl. Sci. 3, pp.416-420.
• Murtaza, K. F. (2012). Women empowerment through Higher Education in Gilgit-Baltistan, Karachi Publications, p.29
• Solomon, A. V., & Adekoya, A. E. (2006). Women and power transformation in rural households: A case study of Osun State, Nigeria. Soc. Sci. 1: pp.234-236.
• Somaya, A. (2009). Education and Economic Empowerment of Women in Egypt SRC/CID. A Research Program on Gender and Work , 2, Working Paper. pp. 9-20.
• Ushma, D. K. (2010). Women's Empowerment and Achievement of Desired Fertility in Sub- Saharan Africa, DHS Working Papers No. 80. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF Macro.
• Usman, M. (2009). Socio-economic determinants of poverty: a case of Pakistan. Master Thesis., Dept. Development and International Relations, Aalborg University, Denmark.
• Verma, J. (2016). Gender, Girls and Women Education, New Delhi: Murari Lal & Sons, p.156
• Walsh, J., E. (2016). A Brief History of India, Kolkata: Information base Publishing, p. 88.
• Yahya, R. (2013). Women Empowerment In The Corporate Sectors Of Pakistan, Interdisciplinary, Journal of Contempory Research In Business, Sep 2013 5