References
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- Beegle, K., & Ozler, B. (2006). Young women, rich (er) men and the spread of HIV. The World Bank, Washington, DC. Mimeo.
- Bruce, J., & Clark, S. (2004). The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. New York: Population Council. https://doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000
- Bruyn, M. D., Jackson, H., Wijermars, M., Knight, V. C., & Berkvens, R. (1995). Facing the challenges of HIV/AIDS/STDs: a gender- based response.
- Bruyn, M. De. (1992). Women and aids in developing countries: The XIIth international conference on the social sciences and medicine. Social Science & Medicine, 34(3), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277- 9536(92)90267-t
- Campbell, C. A. (1995). Male gender roles and sexuality: Implications for women's AIDS risk and prevention. Social Science and Medicine, 41(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277- 9536(94)00322-K
- Carr, R. (Ed.). (2008). Promoting Gender Equality in HIV and AIDS Responses: Making Aid More Effective Through Tracking Results. United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
- Connelly, L. M., & Peltzer, J. N. (2016). Underdeveloped Themes in Qualitative Research. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 30(1), 52- 57. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.000000000 0000173.
- Darlington, C. K., & Hutson, S. P. (2017). Understanding HIV-Related Stigma Among Women in the Southern United States: A Literature Review. AIDS and Behavior, 21(1), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461- 016-1504-9
- Davis, N. W., & Meyer, B. B. (2009). Qualitative data analysis: A procedural comparison. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(1), 116-124.
- Decker, M. R., Seage, G. R., Hemenway, D., Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Balaiah, D., & Silverman, J. G.(2009). Intimate Partner Violence Functions as Both a Risk Marker and Risk Factor for Women's HIV Infection: Findings From Indian Husband-Wife Dyads. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 51(5), 593-600.
- Duffy, L. (2005). Culture and context of HIV prevention in rural Zimbabwe: the influence of gender inequality. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 16(1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960427 0962
- GarcÃÂa-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women. World Health Organization.
- Ghanotakis, E., Peacock, D., & Wilcher, R. (2012). The importance of addressing gender inequality in efforts to end vertical transmission of HIV. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 15(4(Suppl 2)). https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.15.4.17385
- Gillespie, S. (2008). Poverty, food insecurity, HIV vulnerability and the impacts of AIDS in sub? Saharan Africa. IDS Bulletin, 39(5), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759- 5436.2008.tb00490.x
- Girma, M. (2016). Effectiveness of prevention of mother-to child transmission (PMTCT) procedures in pregnant HIV infected women and their exposed infants at seven health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, lmu).
- Gourlay, A. (2015). Improving the usage of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in rural Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine).
- Greig, A., Peacock, D., Jewkes, R., & Msimang, S. (2008). Gender and AIDS: time to act. AIDS, 22(Suppl 2), S35-S43. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.000032 7435.28538.18
- Guide, A. U. O. (2010). Integrating Gender Issues into HIV/AIds Programs (Issue September). WHO.
- Jewkes, R., Sikweyiya, Y., Morrell, R., & Dunkle, K. (2011). The relationship between intimate partner violence, rape and HIV amongst South African men: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 6(9), 1-6.
- Khan, A. (2017). Strategic Framework for Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) of HIV in Pakistan. https://www.nacp.gov.pk/repository/howwe work/Publications/PPTCT Strategy ( Final).pdf
- Lee, Y., Park, J., Min, M., Lee, Y., Yu, Y., Shim, M. K., & Kim, M. G. (2021). Gender Equity and Vertically Transmitted Infections: A Country- Level Analysis across 153 Countries. Health Equity, 5(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0097
- Mbonu, N. C., Van den Borne, B., & De Vries, N. K. (2010). Gender-related power differences, beliefs and reactions towards people living with HIV/AIDS: an urban study in Nigeria. BMC public health, 10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10- 334
- Mojola, S. A. (2011). Fishing in dangerous waters: Ecology, gender and economy in HIV risk. Social Science and Medicine, 72(2), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010 .11.006
- Nyamhanga, T., Frumence, G., & Simba, D. (2017). Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in Tanzania: assessing gender mainstreaming on paper and in practice. Health policy and planning, 32(suppl_5), v22- v30. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx080
- Orb, A., Eisenhauer, L., & Wynaden, D. (2001). Ethics in qualitative research. Journal of nursing scholarship, 33(1), 93-96
- Oskouie, F., Kashefi, F., Rafii, F., & Gouya, M. M. (2017). Qualitative study of HIV related stigma and discrimination: What women say in Iran. Electronic Physician, 9(7), 4718-4724. https://doi.org/10.19082/4718
- Piot, P., & Director, U. E. (2008). AIDS: exceptionalism revisited. Lecture Presented at London School of Economics and Political Science. London: UNAIDS.
- Pulerwitz, J., Amaro, H., Jong, W. D., Gortmaker, S. L., & Rudd, R. (2002). Relationship power, condom use and HIV risk among women in the USA. AIDS care, 14(6), 789-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/095401202100 0031868
- Qazi, S. (2019). Study on Review of HIV Treatment , PPTCT & Pediatric Services. September.
- Richards, H. M., & Schwartz, L. J. (2002). Ethics of qualitative research: are there special issues for health services research?. Family practice, 19(2), 135-139.
- Richardson, E. T., Collins, S. E., Kung, T., Jones, J. H., Tram, K. H., Boggiano, V. L., Bekker, L. G., & Zolopa, A. R. (2014). Gender inequality and HIV transmission: A global analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.19035
- Sa, Z., & Larsen, U. (2008). Gender inequality increases women's risk of HIV infection in Moshi, Tanzania. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40(4), 505-525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00219320070 0257X
- Sadati, A. K., Taheri, V., Joulaei, H., & Hemmati, S. (2019). Experience of stigma by women infected with HIV by their husbands: A qualitative study. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.69185
- Saeed, A., & Farooq, S. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2017.03.0 10
- Sia, D., Onadja, Y., Hajizadeh, M., Heymann, S. J., Brewer, T. F., & Nandi, A. (2016). What explains gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the demographic and health surveys. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016- 3783-5
- Strebel, A., Crawford, M., Shefer, T., Cloete, A., Henda, N., Kaufman, M., & Kalichman, S. (2006). Social constructions of gender roles, gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS in two communities of the Western Cape, South Africa. SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, 3(3), 516-528.
- Thaweesit, S., & Sciortino, R. (2020). The invisible intersectionality of female gender in Thailand's response to the HIV epidemic. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 22(7), 762-777.
- Theobald, S., Morgan, R., Hawkins, K., Ssali, S., George, A., & Molyneux, S. (2009). Integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes in the health sector. Health Policy and Planning, 32(suppl_5), v1-v3
- Tiessen, R. (2005). Mainstreaming gender in HIV/AIDS programs: Ongoing challenges and new opportunities in Malawi. Journal of International Women's Studies, 7(1), 8-25.
- Türmen, T. (2003). Gender and HIV/aids. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 82(3), 411-418.
- UNAIDS, (2021). Global HIV & AIDS statistics- Fact sheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact- sheet.
- WHO. (2009). Integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes in the health sector. Health Policy and Planning, 32(suppl_5), v1-v3.
- World Health Organization. (2011). Gender mainstreaming for health managers: a practical approach. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Yourkavitch, J., Hassmiller Lich, K., Flax, V. L., Okello, E. S., Kadzandira, J., Katahoire, A. R., ... & Thomas, J. C. (2018). Interactions among poverty, gender, and health systems affect women's participation in services to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child: A causal loop analysis. PloS one, 13(5), e0197239.
- Adedimeji, A., Abboud, N., Merdekios, B., & Shiferaw, M. (2012). A Qualitative Study of Barriers to Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. International Journal of Population Research, 2012, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/532154
- Beegle, K., & Ozler, B. (2006). Young women, rich (er) men and the spread of HIV. The World Bank, Washington, DC. Mimeo.
- Bruce, J., & Clark, S. (2004). The implications of early marriage for HIV/AIDS policy. New York: Population Council. https://doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1000
- Bruyn, M. D., Jackson, H., Wijermars, M., Knight, V. C., & Berkvens, R. (1995). Facing the challenges of HIV/AIDS/STDs: a gender- based response.
- Bruyn, M. De. (1992). Women and aids in developing countries: The XIIth international conference on the social sciences and medicine. Social Science & Medicine, 34(3), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277- 9536(92)90267-t
- Campbell, C. A. (1995). Male gender roles and sexuality: Implications for women's AIDS risk and prevention. Social Science and Medicine, 41(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277- 9536(94)00322-K
- Carr, R. (Ed.). (2008). Promoting Gender Equality in HIV and AIDS Responses: Making Aid More Effective Through Tracking Results. United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
- Connelly, L. M., & Peltzer, J. N. (2016). Underdeveloped Themes in Qualitative Research. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 30(1), 52- 57. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.000000000 0000173.
- Darlington, C. K., & Hutson, S. P. (2017). Understanding HIV-Related Stigma Among Women in the Southern United States: A Literature Review. AIDS and Behavior, 21(1), 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461- 016-1504-9
- Davis, N. W., & Meyer, B. B. (2009). Qualitative data analysis: A procedural comparison. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(1), 116-124.
- Decker, M. R., Seage, G. R., Hemenway, D., Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Balaiah, D., & Silverman, J. G.(2009). Intimate Partner Violence Functions as Both a Risk Marker and Risk Factor for Women's HIV Infection: Findings From Indian Husband-Wife Dyads. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 51(5), 593-600.
- Duffy, L. (2005). Culture and context of HIV prevention in rural Zimbabwe: the influence of gender inequality. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 16(1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960427 0962
- GarcÃÂa-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women. World Health Organization.
- Ghanotakis, E., Peacock, D., & Wilcher, R. (2012). The importance of addressing gender inequality in efforts to end vertical transmission of HIV. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 15(4(Suppl 2)). https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.15.4.17385
- Gillespie, S. (2008). Poverty, food insecurity, HIV vulnerability and the impacts of AIDS in sub? Saharan Africa. IDS Bulletin, 39(5), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759- 5436.2008.tb00490.x
- Girma, M. (2016). Effectiveness of prevention of mother-to child transmission (PMTCT) procedures in pregnant HIV infected women and their exposed infants at seven health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, lmu).
- Gourlay, A. (2015). Improving the usage of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in rural Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine).
- Greig, A., Peacock, D., Jewkes, R., & Msimang, S. (2008). Gender and AIDS: time to act. AIDS, 22(Suppl 2), S35-S43. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.000032 7435.28538.18
- Guide, A. U. O. (2010). Integrating Gender Issues into HIV/AIds Programs (Issue September). WHO.
- Jewkes, R., Sikweyiya, Y., Morrell, R., & Dunkle, K. (2011). The relationship between intimate partner violence, rape and HIV amongst South African men: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 6(9), 1-6.
- Khan, A. (2017). Strategic Framework for Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) of HIV in Pakistan. https://www.nacp.gov.pk/repository/howwe work/Publications/PPTCT Strategy ( Final).pdf
- Lee, Y., Park, J., Min, M., Lee, Y., Yu, Y., Shim, M. K., & Kim, M. G. (2021). Gender Equity and Vertically Transmitted Infections: A Country- Level Analysis across 153 Countries. Health Equity, 5(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0097
- Mbonu, N. C., Van den Borne, B., & De Vries, N. K. (2010). Gender-related power differences, beliefs and reactions towards people living with HIV/AIDS: an urban study in Nigeria. BMC public health, 10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10- 334
- Mojola, S. A. (2011). Fishing in dangerous waters: Ecology, gender and economy in HIV risk. Social Science and Medicine, 72(2), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010 .11.006
- Nyamhanga, T., Frumence, G., & Simba, D. (2017). Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in Tanzania: assessing gender mainstreaming on paper and in practice. Health policy and planning, 32(suppl_5), v22- v30. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx080
- Orb, A., Eisenhauer, L., & Wynaden, D. (2001). Ethics in qualitative research. Journal of nursing scholarship, 33(1), 93-96
- Oskouie, F., Kashefi, F., Rafii, F., & Gouya, M. M. (2017). Qualitative study of HIV related stigma and discrimination: What women say in Iran. Electronic Physician, 9(7), 4718-4724. https://doi.org/10.19082/4718
- Piot, P., & Director, U. E. (2008). AIDS: exceptionalism revisited. Lecture Presented at London School of Economics and Political Science. London: UNAIDS.
- Pulerwitz, J., Amaro, H., Jong, W. D., Gortmaker, S. L., & Rudd, R. (2002). Relationship power, condom use and HIV risk among women in the USA. AIDS care, 14(6), 789-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/095401202100 0031868
- Qazi, S. (2019). Study on Review of HIV Treatment , PPTCT & Pediatric Services. September.
- Richards, H. M., & Schwartz, L. J. (2002). Ethics of qualitative research: are there special issues for health services research?. Family practice, 19(2), 135-139.
- Richardson, E. T., Collins, S. E., Kung, T., Jones, J. H., Tram, K. H., Boggiano, V. L., Bekker, L. G., & Zolopa, A. R. (2014). Gender inequality and HIV transmission: A global analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.19035
- Sa, Z., & Larsen, U. (2008). Gender inequality increases women's risk of HIV infection in Moshi, Tanzania. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40(4), 505-525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00219320070 0257X
- Sadati, A. K., Taheri, V., Joulaei, H., & Hemmati, S. (2019). Experience of stigma by women infected with HIV by their husbands: A qualitative study. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.69185
- Saeed, A., & Farooq, S. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2017.03.0 10
- Sia, D., Onadja, Y., Hajizadeh, M., Heymann, S. J., Brewer, T. F., & Nandi, A. (2016). What explains gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the demographic and health surveys. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016- 3783-5
- Strebel, A., Crawford, M., Shefer, T., Cloete, A., Henda, N., Kaufman, M., & Kalichman, S. (2006). Social constructions of gender roles, gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS in two communities of the Western Cape, South Africa. SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, 3(3), 516-528.
- Thaweesit, S., & Sciortino, R. (2020). The invisible intersectionality of female gender in Thailand's response to the HIV epidemic. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 22(7), 762-777.
- Theobald, S., Morgan, R., Hawkins, K., Ssali, S., George, A., & Molyneux, S. (2009). Integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes in the health sector. Health Policy and Planning, 32(suppl_5), v1-v3
- Tiessen, R. (2005). Mainstreaming gender in HIV/AIDS programs: Ongoing challenges and new opportunities in Malawi. Journal of International Women's Studies, 7(1), 8-25.
- Türmen, T. (2003). Gender and HIV/aids. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 82(3), 411-418.
- UNAIDS, (2021). Global HIV & AIDS statistics- Fact sheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact- sheet.
- WHO. (2009). Integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes in the health sector. Health Policy and Planning, 32(suppl_5), v1-v3.
- World Health Organization. (2011). Gender mainstreaming for health managers: a practical approach. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Yourkavitch, J., Hassmiller Lich, K., Flax, V. L., Okello, E. S., Kadzandira, J., Katahoire, A. R., ... & Thomas, J. C. (2018). Interactions among poverty, gender, and health systems affect women's participation in services to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child: A causal loop analysis. PloS one, 13(5), e0197239.
Cite this article
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APA : Zafar, A., Ramzan, M., & Usman, A. (2021). Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan. Global Sociological Review, VI(IV), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-IV).04
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CHICAGO : Zafar, Asma, Muhammad Ramzan, and Ahmed Usman. 2021. "Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan." Global Sociological Review, VI (IV): 29-37 doi: 10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-IV).04
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HARVARD : ZAFAR, A., RAMZAN, M. & USMAN, A. 2021. Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan. Global Sociological Review, VI, 29-37.
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MHRA : Zafar, Asma, Muhammad Ramzan, and Ahmed Usman. 2021. "Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan." Global Sociological Review, VI: 29-37
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MLA : Zafar, Asma, Muhammad Ramzan, and Ahmed Usman. "Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan." Global Sociological Review, VI.IV (2021): 29-37 Print.
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OXFORD : Zafar, Asma, Ramzan, Muhammad, and Usman, Ahmed (2021), "Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan", Global Sociological Review, VI (IV), 29-37
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TURABIAN : Zafar, Asma, Muhammad Ramzan, and Ahmed Usman. "Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan." Global Sociological Review VI, no. IV (2021): 29-37. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-IV).04