Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era
This article presents a critical analysis of the confidence-building measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan during the era of General Pervez Musharraf, a decade marked by complex diplomatic engagement, strategic tension, and intermittent peace overtures. This article examines the development, impact, and constraints of different CBMs such as military, political, economic, and people-to-people contacts within the broader regional security framework. Through qualitative analysis of bilateral dialogues, official agreements, and track-two diplomacy efforts, the article evaluates initiatives such as the Lahore Declaration, ceasefire agreements along the Line of Control (LoC), cross-border travel facilitation, and trade measures. The article highlights how internal political instability, unresolved core issues like Kashmir, and incidents of cross-border terrorism continually hindered the sustained implementation of CBMs. This article argues that future CBMs should be integrated into a comprehensive approach to conflict resolution.
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Confidence Building Measures (CBMs), Crisis Management, India, Pakistan, Kargil War, Agra Summit
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(1) Rashida Hanif
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Ghulam Mustafa
Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Imran Wakil
Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Cite this article
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APA : Hanif, R., Mustafa, G., & Wakil, I. (2025). Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era. Global Sociological Review, X(II), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2025(X-II).05
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CHICAGO : Hanif, Rashida, Ghulam Mustafa, and Imran Wakil. 2025. "Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era." Global Sociological Review, X (II): 48-64 doi: 10.31703/gsr.2025(X-II).05
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HARVARD : HANIF, R., MUSTAFA, G. & WAKIL, I. 2025. Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era. Global Sociological Review, X, 48-64.
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MHRA : Hanif, Rashida, Ghulam Mustafa, and Imran Wakil. 2025. "Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era." Global Sociological Review, X: 48-64
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MLA : Hanif, Rashida, Ghulam Mustafa, and Imran Wakil. "Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era." Global Sociological Review, X.II (2025): 48-64 Print.
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OXFORD : Hanif, Rashida, Mustafa, Ghulam, and Wakil, Imran (2025), "Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era", Global Sociological Review, X (II), 48-64
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TURABIAN : Hanif, Rashida, Ghulam Mustafa, and Imran Wakil. "Confidence Building Measures and Crisis Management: Lessons in Leadership and Externals Influences in the Musharraf Era." Global Sociological Review X, no. II (2025): 48-64. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2025(X-II).05