Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper
The social values, customs, and taboos in the Pakhtun-dominated regions serve as impediments to modernization. Dir a princely state ruled by Nawab until 1969 before its accession with Pakistan and now divided in two districts – Dir Upper and Dir Lower – has been specifically affected by the cultural constraints. This study discusses cultural constraints that impede social development and public policy in Dir upper. The study finds that education was completely banned during the Nawab era and the people were even not allowed to go out of the state in search of job, education, and healthcare. All this was done in the name of culture and Islam, which were alien to both the Pakhtun culture and Islam. These cultural constraints adversely affected policy-making and development in the district even after the accession. The cultural constraints specifically affected development, education, health, economy, public welfare and the justice system in Dir Upper
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Pakhtun Culture, Cultural Constraints, Modernization, Education, Development, Islam
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(1) Yousaf Ali
Assistant Professor, Department of Governance, Politics/IR and Public Policy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Husain
Graduate Student, Department of Governance, Politics/IR and Public Policy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Yasir Imran
PhD, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
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Cite this article
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APA : Ali, Y., Husain, M., & Imran, Y. (2022). Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper. Global Sociological Review, VII(I), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2022(VII-I).24
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CHICAGO : Ali, Yousaf, Muhammad Husain, and Yasir Imran. 2022. "Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper." Global Sociological Review, VII (I): 239-248 doi: 10.31703/gsr.2022(VII-I).24
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HARVARD : ALI, Y., HUSAIN, M. & IMRAN, Y. 2022. Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper. Global Sociological Review, VII, 239-248.
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MHRA : Ali, Yousaf, Muhammad Husain, and Yasir Imran. 2022. "Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper." Global Sociological Review, VII: 239-248
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MLA : Ali, Yousaf, Muhammad Husain, and Yasir Imran. "Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper." Global Sociological Review, VII.I (2022): 239-248 Print.
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OXFORD : Ali, Yousaf, Husain, Muhammad, and Imran, Yasir (2022), "Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper", Global Sociological Review, VII (I), 239-248
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TURABIAN : Ali, Yousaf, Muhammad Husain, and Yasir Imran. "Cultural Constraints Impede Social Development & Public Policy-making: A Case Study of Dir Upper." Global Sociological Review VII, no. I (2022): 239-248. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2022(VII-I).24