Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India
In South Asia, extreme heatwaves disproportionately affect the informal settlements in cities, but the gender aspect of time regarding such vulnerability is a highly significant subject that is critically neglected. This paper uses case study analysis using comparative cases to suggest that heatwaves act as temporal shocks, which heighten unpaid labor of women forming gendered time poverty in Karachi, Pakistan, and Delhi, India. The research finds, through the combined prism of feminist political ecology and gender time poverty theory, that infrastructural failure and gender ideals of time transfer climate stress into a time-starved crisis of time in women. The results show that heatwaves have the effect of unpaid domestic and care time of women by 1.53 hours a day and cut off income-generating, rest and leisure.
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Gendered Time Poverty, Social Reproduction, Heatwaves, Informal Settlements, Feminist Political Ecology, Climate Adaptation, Urban Governance, South Asia
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(1) Ijlal Khan
Graduate, Department of International Relations (IR), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Cite this article
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APA : Khan, I. (2025). Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India. Global Sociological Review, X(IV), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2025(X-IV).09
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CHICAGO : Khan, Ijlal. 2025. "Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India." Global Sociological Review, X (IV): 107-120 doi: 10.31703/gsr.2025(X-IV).09
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HARVARD : KHAN, I. 2025. Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India. Global Sociological Review, X, 107-120.
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MHRA : Khan, Ijlal. 2025. "Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India." Global Sociological Review, X: 107-120
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MLA : Khan, Ijlal. "Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India." Global Sociological Review, X.IV (2025): 107-120 Print.
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OXFORD : Khan, Ijlal (2025), "Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India", Global Sociological Review, X (IV), 107-120
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TURABIAN : Khan, Ijlal. "Invisible Labor and Climate Shocks: Gendered Time Poverty in Heatwave-Affected Urban Informal Settlements in Karachi, Pakistan and Delhi, India." Global Sociological Review X, no. IV (2025): 107-120. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2025(X-IV).09